DADT Repeals Raises Issues for Wiccan Chaplains–Assuming that We Had Wiccan Chaplains, That Is

Terry Mattingly at Get Religion, a blog about religion and journalism, looks at some of the fallout from the “don’t ask, don’t tell’ repeal for military chaplains.

His main question is whether a new military policy on homosexuals serving openly (they have always been there clandestinely) will affect the ability of some chaplains to follow the dictates of their tradition.

It’s a clash-of-rights issue, as he presents it.

But I what notice is how, once again, Wicca becomes the “default Other” religion, the hard case that must be accommodated:

How many Wiccans feel comfortable with a Pentecostal pastor, a Muslim imam, a Catholic priest, an Orthodox rabbi, an evangelical Lutheran or anyone from another faith leading their rites (if they are allowed to do so under their own vows)? Now, many forms of pagan faith do not have formal ordination procedures (while some do). Who approves the appointment of a layperson as a chaplain? How do a small circle of pagan chaplains serve believers on bases spread out around the world?

…. Now, the dying soldier is a Muslim and the chaplain is Jewish, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Pentecostal, Wiccan, etc. etc.

So far, there are no Pagan chaplains of any sort in the United States military. Well-qualified applicants get nowhere.

At the same time, at least some chaplains have been very supportive of military Pagans. The chaplaincy structure stood behind the Fort Hood Pagan group in 2000 all the way to the top.

Mattingly sees three possible outcomes. None of them is completely satisfactory:

(1) Find some way to end the chaplaincy program (under the assumption that if equal access is not possible, then closing down the chaplaincy program is the only legal option that is fair to all).

(2) Allow clergy to serve without violating their ordination vows (with the knowledge that, even when working with people of good will, this imperfect system will cause tensions and accusations of “hate speech”).

(3) The establishment of state-mandated and government-funded religious rites and rules of conduct of chaplains, mandating that expressions of the beliefs of many clergy are acceptable and that expressions of opposing beliefs are not acceptable. Some chaplains would argue that option (3) is already in place, but it is inconsistently enforced.

‘A Ritual of Transformation’

Preparing for last night’s solstice-eclipse, the Montreal Gazette went looking for the Pagan perspective.

There are two of them actually: The UPG, it’s-personal version …

“It’s a ritual of transformation from darkness into light,” says Nicole Cooper, a high priestess at Toronto’s Wiccan Church of Canada. “It’s the idea that when things seem really bleak, (it) is often our biggest opportunity for personal transformation.

“The idea that the sun and the moon are almost at their darkest at this point in time really only further goes to hammer that home.”

Cooper said Wiccans also see great significance in the unique coupling of the masculine energy of the sun and the feminine energy of the moon — transformative energies that she plans to incorporate into the church’s winter-solstice rituals.

Since the last time an eclipse and the winter solstice happened simultaneously was just under five centuries years ago, Cooper said she wasn’t familiar with any superstitions or mythologies associated with it.

… and the old-time communal Pagan version.

The winter solstice also played an important role in Greco-Roman rituals.

“It’s seen as a time of rebirth or renewal because, astrologically, it’s a time where the light comes back,” said Shane Hawkins, a professor of Greek and Roman studies at Carleton University in Ottawa.

For the ancient Romans, it was also a time of great feasting and debauchery.

“If (the eclipse) happened on the 21st, they might well have been drunk,” he said.

(Hat tip: Roberta X, who is most unimpressed.)

A reporter in Ohio left me an email about wanting to do a telephone interview, but she never called. Sigh. She must have found a more accessible expert.

The ‘War on Solstice’

At Huffington Post, Bron Taylor celebrates winning the “war on solstice.”

For conservatives involved in the West’s predominant religions, these are unwelcome developments. Progressives may ridicule those who claim that there is now a cultural “War on Christmas” but Christian conservatives do have reason to worry. They know that their cultural influence has been waning, and that those with evolutionary and ecological worldviews are growing in number and influence. A DVD series released by a group of conservative Christians entitled “Resisting the Green Dragon,” provides one recent example of such fears. These fears are based on an accurate perception that there is a religious dimension to much environmentalism. Those expressing such fears understand, accurately, that those engaged in nature-based spiritualities, both overtly and in subtle ways, are converting many to an evolutionary worldview and an environmentalist spirituality and ethics. They know that this is one reason they are having trouble even keeping their own children in the fold.

• Gus diZerega has a poem that “puts the Sol back in solstice,” but does not know who wrote it.

• Star Foster has “13 Songs  for Yule” with videos.

A Failure of Theology?

I am not a theologian, nor do I play one on TV.* But as I watch the kerfuffle over Triumph of the Moon (still, after ten years!), I wonder what happened to Pagan theology.

In the 1920s, Margaret Murray claimed that “the Old Religion,” a self-conscious underground Pagan cult(s), persisted in Western Europe until at least the 17th century. (Her thesis, however, has not stood up well to further examination, and even many Wiccans abandoned it by the 1980s. But it retains its appeal in some quarters.)

Others wish to trace a different story, to the Middle Eastern city of Harran, to a tiny handful of late-Byzantine intellectuals, or whatever. The myth/story/legend of the unbroken transmission is a powerful one.

Writing in the 1950s, Gerald Gardner, the chief founder of modern Wicca, claimed that underground Pagan religion had endured right into the 20th century—and Murray backed him up.

Once Gardner opened the door, through press interviews and by writing Witchcraft Today in the mid-1950s, suddenly other people appeared saying, mirabile dictu, that they too were heirs to a underground traditions: Robert Cochrane, Alex Sanders, and so on.

It is as through without a person-to-person connection back two thousand years, Wicca or other forms of Paganism could not be “legitimate” religions.

Where are the gods in all this? Have they no agency? Does no one take them seriously?

Monotheistic theologians spend a lot of time on “How God manifests in history and to whom.”  Modern Pagans tend to say, “Oh, it’s all cyclical. Everything comes around again. Tra la la.” (I can’t cite a source here, sorry, but I have seen it argued that the Ragnarök story was influenced by the Christians’ Final Judgment teachings.)

But suppose that it was not the Pagan religionists but the god who went “underground,” into the collective unconscious, staying in touch only through art, literature, dreams, whatever, only to emerge (in the English-speaking world, at least) through late-Victorian and early 20th-century literature?

Three articles in the Pomegranate have discussed this issue, and I should note that Jennifer Hallett was a graduate student of Ronald Hutton’s, so she was building upon his earlier work.

• Freeman, Nick. “The Shrineless God: Paganism, Literature and Art in Forties Britain.” The Pomegranate 6, no. 2  (2004): 157-174.

• Freeman, Nick. “A Country for the Savant: Paganism, Popular Fiction, and the Invention of Greece, 1914-1966.” The Pomegranate 10, no. 1 (2008): 21-41.

• Hallett, Jennifer. “Wandering Dreams and Social Marches: Varieties of Paganism in Late Victorian and Edwardian England.” The Pomegranate 8, no. 2 (2006) 161-183.

Just three. Research might reveal other sources in other places.

We do not have many formal theologians, a vocation not necessarily synonymous with priest or priestess. Starhawk is often labeled one, but her primary concern is social justice, it seems. Constance Wise sets up a framework that might be helpful but does not tackle this particular issue, as I recall.

As I said, I am not a theologian. But it seems to be that an intellectually grounded Pagan theology of the gods in history might take some of the pressure of those people who think that they must have an unbroken person-to-person religious transmission in order somehow to be real.

If that is not enough, here is another list of possible topics for Pagan theologians to think about.

*That is a pop-culture reference.

On Misreading ‘Triumph of the Moon’

An earlier post of mine about writings on Wicca that lacked authority generated some responses around the Pagan blogosphere.

Some bloggers, however, simply do not understand scholarly writing. For instance, this:

For over a decade, Professor Ronald Hutton’s study on the history of Wicca, Triumph of the Moon, has been considered by most Pagan scholars to have closed the book on the issue of the survival of elements of Paganism from Pagan antiquity.

Let’s think about that. Edward Gibbons’ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire is probably the one book on the topic that every educated person has at least heard of.

It was published in installments between 1776 and 1789. It is a classic. By the blog writer’s standards, therefore, it should have “closed the book” on writing about ancient Rome.

Yet new books on ancient Rome are published every year. How can that be?

No topic is ever “closed.” Historical works—which is how Prof. Hutton would describe Triumph—are not holy scriptures. New thinkers and new generations bring new scholarship and new interpretations.

But what Hutton has done is establish a standard. Anyone who challenges his conclusions (and given that ten years have passed, he has challenged some of them himself, I expect) must do at least as much in-depth research as he has done. They can’t just snipe from the sidelines.

Rhetoricians talk about “invented ethos,” by which a speaker or writer displays their qualifications to engage a topic: I have studied such-and-such at this or that level. I have done such-and-such. I have experienced such-and-such. (“Invention” does not imply falsification in this context.)

It is that level of ethos I see lacking in his critics—so far.

Another problem, probably too big to tackle here, occurs when people approach a book like Triumph looking for “right answers” or for information on which to base their personal religious practice.

Oh, you can do that. “The reader constructs his own text,” as all the postmodernists say, sure. You can also use a Stradivarius violin for a canoe paddle.

But I think one is better off reading a Triumph as a history of ideas, a history of the ways that English people, in particular, thought about and constructed the idea of “witchcraft.”

Last Seen in 1378

A blog post explaining the upcoming lunar eclipse/solstice event, with a diagram of who gets to see it.

The 14th Thing to Love about Pagans

Writing at Pantheon, “the Pagan blog at Patheos.com,” Star Foster lists “13 Things I LOVE about Pagans,” for example, “Smaller is Better” and “Many Gods, Few Masters.”

I agree with all of them. But I could add one more: “Borrowing” with both hands. Mad eclecticism.

It is  illustrated by her embedded video of the “Celtic rock” band Coyote Run (American name, post-18th-century Scottish kilts) performing a musical version of Rudyard Kipling’s “A Tree Song” with no credit to him at all. (Maybe there is a credit in the printed liner notes—I hope so.)

Witches have been using that poem ritually since the 1960s, at least. You will find it in the Internet Book of Shadows.

As a newcomer to the Craft, I  actually thought it was indeed old  lore—a Pagan survivall! oral tradition!—instead of having been written by the India-born Kipling in the early 1900s, after he finally moved “home” to England. It was published in Puck of Pook’s Hill in 1906.

Because of this 14th characteristic, I just laugh when some earnest Pagan starts lecturing about “cultural appropriation.”

Why We Do Pagan Studies – 2

(Part 1 here)

Just to continue the previous discussion, let’s look at a Pagan scholar’s (in both senses of the term) book, Niki Bado’s Coming to the Edge of the Circle (Oxford University Press, 2005).Coming to the Edge of the Circle: A Wiccan Initiation Ritual

Its subtitle is  “A Wiccan Initiation Ritual.”  But is that all that it is about? Nope. What she is doing is challenging the model by which anthropologists and scholars of religion have been understanding initiation and rites of passage for the past century, Arnold van Gennep’s “tripartite model.”

Fifteen years ago, when I wrote the introduction to Witchcraft Today Book Two: Modern Rites of Passage, I too used van Gennep’s model: separation, liminality, and finally reintegration into the group. It was the gold standard, so to speak.

Going out, experiencing something, coming back and re-integrating—it explains everything from the teenage years to Freemasonry.

But what Nikki Bado did five years ago was to offer a new model of initiation, one based on what she called somatic praxis, “a repetitive discipline that engages both the body and the mind in learning” (viii). Her analogy is learning to drive a car, which also requires a “body-in-practice.”

One thing you could say right away was that van Gennep’s model focused more on the person-in-the-group, whereas Bado’s is more about how the person herself changes through “the ritual performance of initiation,” which she describes more as repeating circles than as movement out and back in again.

“As a scholar,” she writes, ” I intended from the outset to use Wiccan initiation ritual as material to think with” (145). In other words, her goal is not to discuss Wicca and only Wicca, but initiation in general.

There is a lot more too it, of course, and Bado spends many pages basically explaining Wicca. But she always returns to the body-in-practice model.

There is some parallel here with Tanya Luhrman’s “interpretive drift,” although that model  focuses more on cognition. (And Luhrman, having gathered what she needed for her dissertation and Persuasions of the Witch’s Craft, sailed off into the sunset, leaving an island of angry natives behind her.)

Bado as a Pagan scholar has several purposes:

1. To propose a new model of initiation that can be applied across religious traditions and cultures.

2. Since she herself follows a new religion—Wicca—and is also writing about it, she has to demonstrate that instead of a “special pleading” she is actually able to offer scholarly (not practitioner) insights that are “otherwise not available to scholarly examination” (145). Thus she must turn her “insider” status into an asset, lest she be accused of taking the easy way, writing about what she is already involved in, perhaps with less than full objectivity.

(Never mind that Jews write about Judaism, etc. Members of new religious movements are viewed with more suspicion as to their contribution to the larger work of the academy.)

3. By using Wicca as her model instead of some other religious tradition, and by discussing her own participation, she also does indeed make a case that Pagan scholars of religion can do good work in the academy. Her work and others’ work makes the study of Pagan religions and Pagan ways of being religious more legitimate.

Do they also help Pagan practitioners? Perhaps indirectly. But that is not what sold the book to Oxford University Press. Point number 1 and possibly number 2 sold the book, I suspect.

When you write an academic book proposal for a publisher, you try to forecast good sales in the scholarly market—and, as sort of holy grail, adoption of your book as a classroom text that students must buy. Sales to “general readers,” i.e., the practitioner buyers, are secondary or even tertiary, behind library sales. The publisher hopes for them, but they are not what push the book’s publication, most of the time.

‘My Argot is Sausage’

Somebody needs to explain to me the software that writes spam blog comments. (Fortunately, WordPress and Akismet stop 98 percent of them.)

Some of these comments have a wonderfully surreal character:

hi everyone, my argot is sausage and i virtuous need to say that this is an superior blog flier and i truly pioneer it stabilizing, would it be alright if i submitted posts to this blog virtually topics i found fascinating?

I’ll have the word salad with argot sausage and vinaigrette, please.

‘In the Land of Pluto and Mammon’

Gus diZerega writes a Pagan analysis of Las Vegas.